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Afzelin
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Product Name Afzelin
Price: $288 / 20mg
CAS No.: 482-39-3
Catalog No.: CFN98757
Molecular Formula: C21H20O10
Molecular Weight: 432.4 g/mol
Purity: >=98%
Type of Compound: Flavonoids
Physical Desc.: Yellow powder
Source: The herbs of Thesium chinense Turcz.
Solvent: DMSO, Pyridine, Methanol, Ethanol, etc.
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Size /Price /Stock 10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO / $92.1 / In-stock
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Related Screening Libraries
Size /Price /Stock 10 mM * 100 uL in DMSO / Inquiry / In-stock
10 mM * 1 mL in DMSO / Inquiry / In-stock
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Biological Activity
Description: Afzelin has several cellular activities such as DNA-protective, antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory as well as UV-absorbing activity and may protect human skin from UVB-induced damage by a combination of UV-absorbing and cellular activities. Afzelin has potenial anti-cancer activity against prostate cancer, the activity is due to inhibition of LIM domain kinase 021 expression, it can inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP and PC302cells, and block the cell cycle in the G002phase. Afzelin can attenuate asthma phenotypes is based on reduction of Th2 cytokine via inhibition of GATA-binding protein 3 transcription factor, which is the master regulator of Th2 cytokine differentiation and production.
Targets: TNF-α | PGE | p38MAPK | cAMP | PKA
In vitro:
PLoS One. 2013 Apr 23;8(4):e61971.
Antagonizing effects and mechanisms of afzelin against UVB-induced cell damage.[Pubmed: 23626759]
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces DNA damage, oxidative stress, and inflammatory processes in human keratinocytes, resulting in skin inflammation, photoaging, and photocarcinogenesis. Adequate protection of skin against the harmful effects of UV irradiation is essential.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
Therefore, in this study, we investigated the protective effects of Afzelin, one of the flavonoids, against UV irradiation in human keratinocytes and epidermal equivalent models. Spectrophotometric measurements revealed that the Afzelin extinction maxima were in the UVB and UVA range, and UV transmission below 376 nm was <10%, indicating UV-absorbing activity of Afzelin. In the phototoxicity assay using the 3T3 NRU phototoxicity test (3T3-NRU-PT), Afzelin presented a tendency to no phototoxic potential. In addition, in order to investigate cellular functions of Afzelin itself, cells were treated with Afzelin after UVB irradiation. In human keratinocyte, Afzelin effectively inhibited the UVB-mediated increase in lipid peroxidation and the formation of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers. Afzelin also inhibited UVB-induced cell death in human keratinocytes by inhibiting intrinsic apoptotic signaling. Furthermore, Afzelin showed inhibitory effects on UVB-induced release of pro-inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, and prostaglandin-E2 in human keratinocytes by interfering with the p38 kinase pathway. Using an epidermal equivalent model exposed to UVB radiation, anti-apoptotic activity of Afzelin was also confirmed together with a photoprotective effect at the morphological level.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, our results suggest that Afzelin has several cellular activities such as DNA-protective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory as well as UV-absorbing activity and may protect human skin from UVB-induced damage by a combination of UV-absorbing and cellular activities.
Molecules. 2014 Mar 17;19(3):3173-80.
Antibacterial effects of afzelin isolated from Cornus macrophylla on Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals.[Pubmed: 24642906]
The crude ethyl acetate extract of the leaves of Cornus macrophylla showed antibacterial activity against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a leading cause of illness in immunocompromised individuals. Bioactivity-guided separation led to the isolation of kaempferol 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranoside (Afzelin).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The structure was determined based on evaluation of its spectroscopic (UV, MS, and NMR) data. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of Afzelin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be 31 µg/mL. In addition, the results indicated that a hydroxyl group at C3 of the C-ring of the flavone skeleton and the rhamnose group may act as a negative factor and an enhancing factor, respectively, in the antibacterial activities of Afzelin.
Arch Pharm Res. 2015 Jun;38(6):1168-77.
Preliminary in vitro and ex vivo evaluation of afzelin, kaempferitrin and pterogynoside action over free radicals and reactive oxygen species.[Pubmed: 25315635]
Biological activities of flavonoids have been extensively reviewed in literature. The biochemical profile of Afzelin, kaempferitrin, and pterogynoside acting on reactive oxygen species was investigated in this paper.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The flavonoids were able to act as scavengers of the superoxide anion, hypochlorous acid and taurine chloramine. Although flavonoids are naturally occurring substances in plants which antioxidant activities have been widely advertised as beneficial, Afzelin, kaempferitrin, and pterogynoside were able to promote cytotoxic effect. In red blood cells this toxicity was enhanced, depending on flavonoids concentration, in the presence of hypochlorous acid, but reduced in the presence of 2,2'-azo-bis(2-amidinopropane) free radical. These flavonoids had also promoted the death of neutrophils, which was exacerbated when the oxidative burst was initiated by phorbol miristate acetate.
CONCLUSIONS:
Therefore, despite their well-known scavenging action toward free radicals and oxidants, these compounds could be very harmful to living organisms through their action over erythrocytes and neutrophils.
In vivo:
Mol Med Rep. 2015 Jul;12(1):71-6.
Afzelin attenuates asthma phenotypes by downregulation of GATA3 in a murine model of asthma.[Pubmed: 25738969]
Asthma is a serious health problem causing significant mortality and morbidity globally. Persistent airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, increased immunoglobulin E (IgE) levels and mucus hypersecretion are key characteristics of the condition. Asthma is mediated via a dominant T-helper 2 (Th2) immune response, causing enhanced expression of Th2 cytokines. These cytokines are responsible for the various pathological changes associated with allergic asthma. To investigate the anti-asthmatic potential of Afzelin, as well as the underlying mechanisms involved, its anti-asthmatic potential were investigated in a murine model of asthma.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In the present study, BALB/c mice were systemically sensitized using ovalbumin (OVA) followed by aerosol allergen challenges. The effect of Afzelin on airway hyperresponsiveness, eosinophilic infiltration, Th2 cytokine and OVA‑specific IgE production in a mouse model of asthma were investigated. It was found that Afzelin‑treated groups suppressed eosinophil infiltration, allergic airway inflammation, airway hyperresponsiveness, OVA-specific IgE and Th2 cytokine secretion.
CONCLUSIONS:
The results of the present study suggested that the therapeutic mechanism by which Afzelin effectively treats asthma is based on reduction of Th2 cytokine via inhibition of GATA-binding protein 3 transcription factor, which is the master regulator of Th2 cytokine differentiation and production.
Br J Pharmacol . 2017 Jan;174(2):195-209.
Afzelin ameliorates D-galactosamine and lipopolysaccharide-induced fulminant hepatic failure by modulating mitochondrial quality control and dynamics[Pubmed: 27861739]
Abstract Background and purpose: Fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) is a fatal clinical syndrome that results in excessive inflammation and hepatocyte death. Mitochondrial dysfunction is considered to be a possible mechanism of FHF. Afzelin, a flavonol glycoside found in Houttuynia cordata Thunberg, has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. The present study elucidated the cytoprotective mechanisms of Afzelin against D-galactosamine (GalN)/LPS induced FHF, particularly focusing on mitochondrial quality control and dynamics. Experimental approach: Mice were administered Afzelin i.p. 1 h before receiving GalN (800 mg·kg-1 )/LPS (40 μg·kg-1 ), and they were then killed 5 h after GalN/LPS treatment. Key results: Afzelin improved the survival rate and reduced the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase and pro-inflammatory cytokines in GalN/LPS-treated mice. Afzelin attenuated the mitochondrial damage, as indicated by diminished mitochondrial swelling and mitochondrial glutamate dehydrogenase activity in GalN/LPS-treated mice. Afzelin enhanced mitochondrial biogenesis, as indicated by increased levels of PPAR-γ coactivator 1α, nuclear respiratory factor 1 and mitochondrial transcription factor A. Afzelin also decreased the level of mitophagy-related proteins, parkin and PTEN-induced putative kinase 1. Furthermore, while GalN/LPS significantly increased the level of fission-related protein, dynamin-related protein 1, and decreased the level of fusion-related protein, mitofusin 2; these effects were attenuated by Afzelin.
Afzelin Description
Source: The herbs of Thesium chinense Turcz.
Solvent: DMSO, Pyridine, Methanol, Ethanol, etc.
Storage: Providing storage is as stated on the product vial and the vial is kept tightly sealed, the product can be stored for up to 24 months(2-8C).

Wherever possible, you should prepare and use solutions on the same day. However, if you need to make up stock solutions in advance, we recommend that you store the solution as aliquots in tightly sealed vials at -20C. Generally, these will be useable for up to two weeks. Before use, and prior to opening the vial we recommend that you allow your product to equilibrate to room temperature for at least 1 hour.

Need more advice on solubility, usage and handling? Please email to: service@chemfaces.com

After receiving: The packaging of the product may have turned upside down during transportation, resulting in the natural compounds adhering to the neck or cap of the vial. take the vial out of its packaging and gently shake to let the compounds fall to the bottom of the vial. for liquid products, centrifuge at 200-500 RPM to gather the liquid at the bottom of the vial. try to avoid loss or contamination during handling.
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Calculate Dilution Ratios(Only for Reference)
1 mg 5 mg 10 mg 20 mg 25 mg
1 mM 2.3127 mL 11.5634 mL 23.1267 mL 46.2535 mL 57.8168 mL
5 mM 0.4625 mL 2.3127 mL 4.6253 mL 9.2507 mL 11.5634 mL
10 mM 0.2313 mL 1.1563 mL 2.3127 mL 4.6253 mL 5.7817 mL
50 mM 0.0463 mL 0.2313 mL 0.4625 mL 0.9251 mL 1.1563 mL
100 mM 0.0231 mL 0.1156 mL 0.2313 mL 0.4625 mL 0.5782 mL
* Note: If you are in the process of experiment, it's need to make the dilution ratios of the samples. The dilution data of the sheet for your reference. Normally, it's can get a better solubility within lower of Concentrations.
Protocol
Kinase Assay:
Chem Biol Interact. 2016 Jul 25;254:167-72.
Afzelin positively regulates melanogenesis through the p38 MAPK pathway.[Pubmed: 27287415]
Melanogenesis refers to synthesis of the skin pigment melanin, which plays a critical role in the protection of skin against ultraviolet irradiation and oxidative stressors. We investigated the effects of Afzelin on melanogenesis and its mechanisms of action in human epidermal melanocytes.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we found that Afzelin increased both melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a concentration-dependent manner. While the mRNA levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1 increased following Afzelin treatment, the mRNA levels of TRP-2 were not affected by Afzelin. Likewise, Afzelin increased the protein levels of MITF, TRP-1, and tyrosinase but not TRP-2. Mechanistically, we found that Afzelin regulated melanogenesis by upregulating MITF through phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), independent of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)-protein kinase A (PKA) signaling.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, these findings indicate that the promotion of melanogenesis by Afzelin occurs through increased MITF gene expression, which is mediated by activation of p38 MAPK, and suggest that Afzelin may be useful as a protective agent against ultraviolet irradiation.
Cell Research:
Oncol Lett. 2015 Oct;10(4):2359-2365.
Afzelin exhibits anti-cancer activity against androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3 prostate cancer cells through the inhibition of LIM domain kinase 1.[Pubmed: 26622852 ]
Prostate cancer presents high occurrence worldwide. Medicinal plants are a major source of novel and potentially therapeutic molecules; therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possible anti-prostate cancer activity of Afzelin, a flavonol glycoside that was previously isolated from Nymphaea odorata.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The effect of Afzelin on the proliferation of androgen-sensitive LNCaP and androgen-independent PC-3 cells was evaluated by performing a water soluble tetrazolium salt-1 assay. In addition, the effect of Afzelin on the cell cycle of the LNCaP and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines was evaluated. Western blot analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of Afzelin on the kinases responsible for the regulation of actin organization. Afzelin was identified to inhibit the proliferation of LNCaP and PC3 cells, and block the cell cycle in the G0 phase. The anticancer activity of Afzelin in these cells was determined to be due to inhibition of LIM domain kinase 1 expression.
CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, the in vitro efficacy of Afzelin against prostate cancer is promising; however, additional studies on different animal models are required to substantiate its anticancer potential.
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