| Description: |
Polygodial (Poligodial) is an antifungal synergist. Polygodial is a sesquiterpene with antihyperalgesic,anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, antifibrogenic and voltage-gated sodium channel inhibitory properties. |
| In vitro: |
| Antimicrob Agents Chemother . 2000 Jul;44(7):1943-1953. | | Effect of polygodial on the mitochondrial ATPase of Saccharomyces cerevisiae[Pubmed: 10858359] | | The fungicidal mechanism of a naturally occurring sesquiterpene dialdehyde, Polygodial, was investigated in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In an acidification assay, Polygodial completely suppressed the glucose-induced decrease in external pH at 3.13 microgram/ml, the same as the fungicidal concentration. Acidification occurs primarily through the proton-pumping action of the plasma membrane ATPase, Pma1p. Surprisingly, this ATPase was not directly inhibited by Polygodial. In contrast, the two other membrane-bound ATPases in yeast were found to be susceptible to the compound. The mitochondrial ATPase was inhibited by Polygodial in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations similar to the fungicidal concentration, whereas the vacuolar ATPase was only slightly inhibited. Cytoplasmic petite mutants, which lack mitochondrial DNA and are respiration deficient, were significantly less susceptible to Polygodial than the wild type, as was shown in time-kill curves. A pet9 mutant which lacks a functional ADP-ATP translocator and is therefore respiration dependent was rapidly inhibited by Polygodial. The results of these susceptibility assays link enzyme inhibition to physiological effect. Previous studies have reported that plasma membrane disruption is the mechanism of Polygodial-induced cell death; however, these results support a more complex picture of its effect. A major target of Polygodial in yeast is mitochondrial ATP synthase. Reduction of the ATP supply leads to a suppression of Pma1 ATPase activity and impairs adaptive responses to other facets of Polygodial's cellular inhibition. | | Nat Prod Res . 2022 Jan 13;1-6. | | Polygodial, a drimane sesquiterpenoid dialdehyde purified from Drimys winteri, inhibits voltage-gated sodium channels[Pubmed: 35021940] | | Drimys winteri J.R.Forst. & G.Forst, a South American evergreen shrub that is used by the Mapuche people for treatment of several painful conditions, contains Polygodial, a lipophilic drimane-type sesquiterpene dialdehyde with known activity at transient receptor potential channel family members including TRPA1 and TRPV1. We sought to assess the activity of Polygodial at NaV1.7 and NaV1.8, two key isoforms of the voltage-gated sodium channel family involved in nociception. Polygodial was isolated from D. winteri by thin-layer chromatography and analysed structurally by 1 D and 2 D nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Activity at heterologously expressed NaV1.7 and NaV1.8 was assessed using automated whole-cell patch-clamp electrophysiology. Here, we show that Polygodial inhibits members of the voltage-gated sodium channel family, specifically NaV1.7 and NaV1.8, without changing the voltage-dependence of activation or inactivation. Activity of Polygodial at voltage-gated sodium channels may contribute to the previously reported antinociceptive properties. | | Int J Mol Sci . 2021 May 28;22(11):5756. | | Investigating the Antifungal Mechanism of Action of Polygodial by Phenotypic Screening in Saccharomyces cerevisiae[Pubmed: 34071169] | | Polygodial is a "hot" peppery-tasting sesquiterpenoid that was first described for its anti-feedant activity against African armyworms. Using the haploid deletion mutant library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a genome-wide mutant screen was performed to shed more light on Polygodial's antifungal mechanism of action. We identified 66 deletion strains that were hypersensitive and 47 that were highly resistant to Polygodial treatment. Among the hypersensitive strains, an enrichment was found for genes required for vacuolar acidification, amino acid biosynthesis, nucleosome mobilization, the transcription mediator complex, autophagy and vesicular trafficking, while the resistant strains were enriched for genes encoding cytoskeleton-binding proteins, ribosomal proteins, mitochondrial matrix proteins, components of the heme activator protein (HAP) complex, and known regulators of the target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) signaling. WE confirm that Polygodial triggers a dose-dependent vacuolar alkalinization and that it increases Ca2+ influx and inhibits glucose-induced Ca2+ signaling. Moreover, we provide evidence suggesting that TORC1 signaling and its protective agent ubiquitin play a central role in Polygodial resistance, suggesting that they can be targeted by Polygodial either directly or via altered Ca2+ homeostasis. | | Eur J Pharmacol . 2018 Jul 15;831:1-8. | | Effect of polygodial and its direct derivatives on the mammalian Na /K -ATPase activity ++[Pubmed: 29715454] | | The sesquiterpene Polygodial is an agonist of the transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1). Our group recently reported the synthesis and anticancer effects of Polygodial and its derivatives, and showed that these compounds retain activity against apoptosis- and multidrug-resistant cancer cells. Herein, we tested the inhibitory effect of these compounds on the activity of the enzyme Na/K-ATPase (NKA) from kidney (α++1 isoform) and brain (α2 and α3 isoforms) guinea pig extracts. Polygodial (1) displayed a dose-dependent inhibition of both kidney and brain purified NKA preparations, with higher sensitivity for the cerebral isoforms. Polygo-11,12-diol (2) and C11,C12-pyridazine derivative (3) proved to be poor inhibitors. Unsaturated ester (4) and 9-epiPolygodial (5) inhibited NKA preparations from brain and kidney, with the same inhibitory potency. Nevertheless, they did not achieve maximum inhibition even at higher concentration. Comparing the inhibitory potency in crude homogenates and purified preparations of NKA, compounds 4 and 5 revealed a degree of selectivity toward the renal enzyme. Kinetic studies showed a non-competitive inhibition for Na and K by compounds 1, 4 and 5 and for ATP by 1 and 4. However, compound 5 presented a competitive inhibition type. Furthermore, K-activated p-nitrophenylphosphatase activity of these purified preparations was not inhibited by 1, 4 and 5, suggesting that these compounds acted in the initial phase of the enzyme's catalytic cycle. These findings suggest that the antitumor action of Polygodial and its analogues may be linked to their NKA inhibitory properties and reinforce that NKA may be an important target for cancer therapy. +++ |
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| In vivo: |
| Life Sci . 1998;63(5):369-381. | | Anti-hyperalgesic properties of the extract and of the main sesquiterpene polygodial isolated from the barks of Drymis winteri (Winteraceae)[Pubmed: 9714424] | | This study analyses the anti-hyperalgesic properties of the hydroalcoholic extract (HE) and the sesquiterpene Polygodial isolated from the barks of Drymis winteri (Winteraceae). The HE (10 to 60 mg kg(-1), i.p. or 100 to 600 mg kg(-1), p.o.), 4 h prior, produced significant inhibition of abdominal constrictions caused by i.p. injection of acetic acid, kaolin and zymosan in mice. The mean ID50s were: 21.4, 33.7 and 36.6 mg kg(-1); 173.0, 123.0 and 366.0 mg kg(-1), by i.p. and by oral route, respectively. This effect lasted for up to 8 h. The HE at the same range of doses produced dose-related inhibition of both phases of the formalin-induced licking. The calculated mean ID50s values for the early phase were: 26.1 and 43.0 mg kg(-1), while for the late phase they were 7.3 and 72.7 mg kg(-1), respectively, when given by i.p. and by oral route. The HE (10 to 60 mg kg(-1), i.p. or 25 to 200 mg kg(-1), p.o.), 4 h prior, produced significant inhibition of capsaicin-induced neurogenic pain with mean ID50 values of 18.0 and 68.0 mg kg(-1), respectively. The HE (3 to 100 mg kg(-1), p.o., 1 h) inhibited in a graded manner, the hyperalgesia induced by bradykinin (3 nmol/paw) or substance P (10 nmol/paw) in rat paw, with mean ED50 values of 54.5 and 53.7 mg kg(-1), respectively. However, the HE did not affect the hyperalgesia induced by carrageenan or PGE2. When assessed in the hot-plate test, the HE (200 mg kg(-1), p.o.) was inactive. Naloxone (1 mg kg(-1), i.p.) significantly reversed the antinociceptive effects caused by either morphine (5 mg kg(-1), s.c.) or by HE (60 mg kg(-1), i.p.). Polygodial (0.1 to 10 mg kg(-1), i.p.) produced significant inhibition of acetic acid, kaolin and zymosan-induced writhing in mice, being about 14 to 27-fold more potent than the HE at the ID50 level. Together these data provide support for a long-lasting anti-hyperalgesic property for the active principle(s) present in the barks of D. winteri when assessed in several models of inflammatory or neurogenic pain. Its actions involve, at least in part, an interaction with opioid pathway through a naloxone-sensitive mechanism, seeming not to be related with a non-specific peripheral or central depressant actions. Finally, the sesquiterpene Polygodial isolated from this plant, appears to be mainly responsible for the anti-hyperalgesic properties of the extract. | | J Nat Prod . 2020 Dec 24;83(12):3698-3705. | | Sesquiterpene Polygodial from Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) Down-Regulates Implant-Induced Inflammation and Fibrogenesis in Mice[Pubmed: 33232149] | | Drimys brasiliensis (Winteraceae) has been investigated in traditional medicine for its anti-inflammatory properties to treat gastric ulcers and allergic and respiratory system diseases as well as for cancer treatment. In this work, we investigate the ability of the sesquiterpene Polygodial, isolated from D. brasiliensis stem barks, to modulate the chronic inflammatory response induced by polyester-polyurethane sponge implants in C57BL/6J mice. Daily treatment with Polygodial inhibited the macrophage content in the implants as determined by the activity of the N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase enzyme as well as decreased the levels of CXCL1/KC and CCL2/JE/MCP-1 pro-inflammatory chemokines and the presence of mast cells along the formed fibrovascular tissue. Similarly, the deposition of a new extracellular matrix (total collagen and type I and III collagen fibers) as well as the production of the TGF-β1 cytokine were attenuated in implants treated with Polygodial, showing for the first time its antifibrogenic capacity. The hemoglobin content, the number of newly formed vessels, and the levels of VEGF cytokine, which were used as parameters for the assessment of the neovascularization of the implants, did not change after treatment with Polygodial. The anti-inflammatory and antifibrogenic effects of Polygodial over the components of the granulation tissue induced by the sponge implant indicate a therapeutic potential for the treatment of inflammatory diseases associated with the development of fibrovascular tissue. |
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