Several bioassays were conducted with young chicks and pigs fed phosphorus (P)-deficient corn-soybean meal diets.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
With diets for chicks containing .62% Ca and .42% P (.10% available P), graded doses of a Citric acid + sodium citrate (1:1, wt:wt) mixture (0, 1, 2, 4, or 6% of diet) resulted in linear (P < .01) increases in both weight gain and tibia ash. Relative to chicks fed no Citric acid, tibia ash (%) and weight gain (g/d) were increased by 43 and 22%, respectively, in chicks fed 6% Citric acid. Additional chick trials showed that 6% Citric acid alone or sodium citrate alone was as efficacious as the Citric acid + sodium citrate mixture and that 1,450 U/kg of phytase produced a positive response in bone ash and weight gain in chicks fed a diet containing 6% citrate. Varying the Ca:available P ratio with and without citrate supplementation indicated that Citric acid primarily affected phytate-P utilization, not Ca, in chicks. Moreover, chicks did not respond to citrate supplementation when fed a P-deficient (.13% available P), phytate-free casein-dextrose diet. Young pigs averaging 10 to 11 kg also were used to evaluate Citric acid efficacy in two experiments. A P-deficient corn-soybean meal basal diet was used to construct five treatment diets that contained 1) no additive, 2) 3% Citric acid, 3) 6% Citric acid, 4) 1,450 U/kg phytase, and 5) 6% Citric acid + 1,450 U/kg phytase. Phytase supplementation increased (P < .01) weight gain, gain:feed, and metatarsal ash, whereas Citric acid addition increased only gain:feed (P < .05) and metatarsal ash (P < .08). A subsequent 22-d pig experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of lower levels of Citric acid (0, 1, 2, or 3%) or 1,450 U/kg phytase addition to a P-deficient corn-soybean meal diet. Phytase supplementation improved (P < .01) all criteria measured. Weight gain and gain:feed data suggested a response to Citric acid addition, but this was not supported by fibula ash results (P > .10). The positive responses to phytase were much greater than those to Citric acid in both pig experiments.
CONCLUSIONS:
Thus, dietary Citric acid effectively improved phytate P utilization in chicks but had a much smaller effect in pigs. |
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