| In vitro: |
| J Sci Food Agric . 2015 Jul;95(9):1830-1837. | | 6,6'-Bieckol inhibits adipocyte differentiation through downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells[Pubmed: 25142414] | | Background: Brown algae have been used for their nutritional value as well as a source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and anti-obesity effects. Obesity is an important condition implicated in various diseases, including diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and coronary heart disease. However, anti-obesity effects of Eisenia bicyclis remain unknown.
Results: We investigated the anti-obesity effects of 6,6'-Bieckol, 6,8'-bieckol, 8,8'-bieckol, dieckol and phlorofucofuroeckol A isolated from E. bicyclis. Anti-obesity activity was evaluated by examining the inhibition of differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes and the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCATT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα) and sterol regulatory element binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) at the mRNA and protein level. Differentiated 3T3-L1 cells were treated with the purified phlorotannins at concentrations of 10, 25 and 50 μg mL(-1) for 8 days. The results indicated that the purified phlorotannins suppressed the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner, without toxic effects. Among the five compounds, 6,6'-Bieckol markedly decreased lipid accumulation and expression levels of PPARγ, C/EBPα, SREBP-1c (mRNA and protein), and fatty acid synthase and acyl-coA carboxylase (mRNA).
Conclusion: These findings suggest that E. bicyclis suppressed differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipocyte through downregulation of adipogenesis and lipogenesis. | | Appl Biochem Biotechnol . 2011 Nov;165(5-6):1296-1307. | | Isolation of phlorotannins from Eisenia bicyclis and their hepatoprotective effect against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hyperoxide[Pubmed: 21892616] | | Eisenia bicyclis (Kjellman) Setchell is a common brown alga that inhabits the middle Pacific coast around Korea and Japan. In this study, the ethanol extract and its serial solvent fractions were prepared from fresh E. bicyclis, and their hepatoprotective effects were investigated against hepatotoxicity in tert-butyl hyperoxide(t-BHP)-injured HepG2 cells. When these samples were used at a dose of 10-40 μg/mL⁻1, they significantly protected the t-BHP-induced cell death in HepG2 cells. Among fractions, ethyl acetate fraction (EF) and n-butanol extract (BF) exhibited potent hepatoprotective activities (62.60% for EF and 64.86% for BF) in t-BHP-injured HepG2 cells at a concentration of 10 μg/mL⁻1. To find the potential factors for this activity, the samples were characterized on total phenolics, chlorophylls, carotenoids, and radical scavenging activity. Among them, EF showed the highest content of total phenolics and the strongest antioxidant activity both in on- and offline assays. Five phlorotannin compounds, oligomers of phloroglucinol, were isolated chromatographically from this fraction and structurally identified by (1)H-NMR and liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry analyses as eckol(1), 6,6'-Bieckol(2), 8,8'-bieckol(3), dieckol(4), and phlorofucofuroeckol A(5). Compound 5 among five purified compounds showed the strongest protective activity (45.54%) at a concentration of 10 μM. At the high dose (40 μM), the protective activities of three compounds (compound 2, 4, and 5) were higher than that of quercetin treated with 10 μM concentration. Therefore, we can speculate that they can be developed as potential candidates for natural hepatoprotective agents. | | Photochem Photobiol . 2022 Sep;98(5):1131-1139. | | A Phlorotanin, 6,6'-bieckol from Ecklonia cava, Against Photoaging by Inhibiting MMP-1, -3 and -9 Expression on UVB-induced HaCaT Keratinocytes[Pubmed: 34897721] | | Skin is the outmost layer of human and sustains most of the external UVB irradiation, which possibly causes the skin photoaging. As a natural antioxidant, marine natural products have been paid more and more attention to their positive effects on photoaging. 6,6'-Bieckol is a phlorotanin isolated from Ecklonia cava, while its antiphotoaging bioactivity and mechanism have not been clear yet. This study proves that 6,6'-Bieckol enhances cells viability and decreases the level of ROS in UVB-induced human immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT) cells. It also resulted in significant downregulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), p-c-Fos, phosphorylated JNK, p38, IκB and p65. In addition, molecular docking also showed that 6,6'-Bieckol could bind to MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-9. Finally, it was proved that 6,6'-Bieckol acts on MMPs through the MAPK/AP-1 and NF-κB pathways to reduce UVB-induced oxidative stress damage in HaCaT cells. Therefore, 6,6'-Bieckol is a functional food and skin care ingredient with great potential in preventing photoaging. | | Mar Drugs . 2021 May 10;19(5):266. | | The Effects of Marine Algal Polyphenols, Phlorotannins, on Skeletal Muscle Growth in C2C12 Muscle Cells via Smad and IGF-1 Signaling Pathways[Pubmed: 34068815] | | Skeletal muscle is an important tissue in energy metabolism and athletic performance. The use of effective synthetic supplements and drugs to promote muscle growth is limited by various side effects. Moreover, their use is prohibited by anti-doping agencies; hence, natural alternatives are needed. Therefore, we evaluated the muscle growth effect of substances that can act like synthetic supplements from edible marine algae. First, we isolated six marine algal polyphenols belonging to the phlorotannin class, namely dieckol (DK), 2,7″-phloroglucinol-6,6'-Bieckol (PHB), phlorofucofuroeckol A (PFFA), 6,6'-Bieckol (6,6-BK), pyrogallol-phloroglucinol-6,6'-Bieckol (PPB), and phloroglucinol (PG) from an edible brown alga, Ecklonia cava and evaluated their effects on C2C12 myoblasts proliferation and differentiation. Of the six phlorotannin isolates evaluated, DK and PHB induced the highest degree of C2C12 myoblast proliferation. In addition, DK and PHB regulates myogenesis by down-regulating the Smad signaling, a negative regulator, and up-regulating the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling, a positive regulator. Interestingly, DK and PHB bind strongly to myostatin, which is an inhibitor of myoblast proliferation, while also binding to IGF-1 receptors. Moreover, they bind to IGF-1 receptor. These results suggest that DK and PHB are potential natural muscle building supplements and could be a safer alternative to synthetic drugs. | | Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol . 2016 Jun;38(3):244-252. | | 6,6'-Bieckol suppresses inflammatory responses by down-regulating nuclear factor-κB activation via Akt, JNK, and p38 MAPK in LPS-stimulated microglial cells[Pubmed: 27121731] | | Objective: Microglial activation has been implicated in many neurological disorders for its inflammatory and neurotrophic effects. In this study, we investigated the pharmaceutical properties of 6,6'-Bieckol on the regulation of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation responsible to the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 and murine primary microglial cells. Meterials and methods: The levels of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE)2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines were measured by Griess assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The levels of iNOS, COX-2, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), and Akt were measured using Western blot. Nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of NF-κB were determined by immunofluorescence and reporter gene assay, respectively.
Results: We found that 6,6'-Bieckol decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 as well as pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-stimulated BV2 and primary microglial cells in a dose-dependent manner. 6,6'-Bieckol inhibited activation of NF-κB by preventing the degradation of inhibitor κB (IκB)-α and led to prevent the nuclear translocation of NF-κB/p65 subunit. Moreover, 6,6'-Bieckol inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, JNK, and p38 MAPK.
Discussion and conclusion: These results indicate that the anti-inflammatory effect of 6,6'-Bieckol on LPS-stimulated microglial cells is mainly regulated by the inhibition of IκB-α/NF-κB and JNK/p38 MAPK/Akt pathways, supporting biochemical characteristics of the compound for therapeutic agent against neuroinflammatory diseases caused by microglial activation. | | Fitoterapia . 2015 Oct;106:135-140. | | 6,6'-Bieckol protects insulinoma cells against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis[Pubmed: 26343533] | | Pancreatic β cells are highly sensitive to oxidative stress, which might play an important role in β cell death in diabetes. The protective effect of 6,6'-Bieckol, a phlorotannin polyphenol compound purified from Ecklonia cava, against high glucose-induced glucotoxicity was investigated in rat insulinoma cells. High glucose (30 mM) treatment induced the death of rat insulinoma cells, but treatment with 10 or 50 μg/mL 6,6'-Bieckol significantly inhibited the high glucose-induced glucotoxicity. Furthermore, treatment with 6,6'-Bieckol dose-dependently reduced the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species, and the level of nitric oxide, all of which were increased by high glucose concentration. In addition, 6,6'-Bieckol protected rat insulinoma cells from apoptosis under high-glucose conditions. These effects were associated with increased expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 and reduced expression of the pro-apoptotic protein Bax. These findings indicate that 6,6'-Bieckol could be used as a potential nutraceutical agent offering protection against the glucotoxicity caused by hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress associated with diabetes. | | Appl Biochem Biotechnol . 2014 Sep;174(2):632-643. | | 6,6'-bieckol isolated from Ecklonia cava protects oxidative stress through inhibiting expression of ROS and proinflammatory enzymes in high-glucose-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cells[Pubmed: 25086922] | | Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress accelerates endothelial cell dysfunctions, which cause various complications of diabetes. The protective effects of 6,6'-Bieckol (BEK), one of phlorotannin compound purified from Ecklonia cava against high-glucose-induced oxidative stress was investigated using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), which is susceptible to oxidative stress. High glucose (30 mM) treatment induced HUVECs' cell death, but BEK, at concentration 10 or 50 μg/ml, significantly inhibited the high-glucose-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, treatment with BEK dose-dependently decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and nitric oxide level increased by high glucose. In addition, high glucose levels induced the overexpressions of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) proteins in HUVECs, but BEK treatment reduced the overexpressions of these proteins. These findings indicate that BEK is a potential therapeutic agent that will prevent diabetic endothelial dysfunction and related complications. | | Int Immunopharmacol . 2012 Mar;12(3):510-517. | | 6,6'-Bieckol, isolated from marine alga Ecklonia cava, suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide and PGE₂ production and inflammatory cytokine expression in macrophages: the inhibition of NFκB[Pubmed: 22289571] | | Ecklonia cava is an edible brown alga that contains high levels of phlorotannins, which are unique marine polyphenolic compounds. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and the underlying molecular mechanism of phlorotannin 6,6'-Bieckol, which is an active component isolated from E. cava, on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated primary macrophages and RAW 264.7 macrophage cells. 6,6'-Bieckol was found to inhibit nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production and to suppress the LPS-induced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, 6,6'-Bieckol downregulated the production and mRNA expression of the inflammatory cytokines TNF-α and IL-6. Moreover, pretreatment with 6,6'-Bieckol decreased LPS-induced transactivation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) and nuclear translocation of p50 and p65 subunits of NFκB. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation assay revealed that 6,6'-Bieckol inhibited LPS-induced NFκB binding to the TNF-α and IL-6 promoters. Taken together, these data suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of 6,6'-Bieckol are related to the down-regulation of iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines through the negative regulation of the NFκB pathway in LPS-stimulated macrophages. |
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