| In vitro: |
| Plos One, 2013, 8(8):e64757. | | Intermedin Suppresses Pressure Overload Cardiac Hypertrophy through Activation of Autophagy[Pubmed: 23737997] | Left ventricular hypertrophy is a maladaptive response to pressure overload and an important risk factor for heart failure. Intermedin (Intermedine,IMD), a multi-functional peptide, plays important roles in cardiovascular protection.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
In this study, we revealed an autophagy-dependent mechanism involved in IMD’s protection against cardiac remodeling and cardiomyocyte death in heart hypertrophy. We observed that transverse aortic contraction (TAC) induction, Ang II or ISO exposure induced remarkable increase in the expression of endogenous IMD and its receptor components, CRLR, RAMP1 and RAMP3, in mouse hearts and H9c2 cell cultures, respectively. Furthermore, the heart size, heart weight/body weight ratios, cardiomyocyte size and apoptosis, interstitial collagen, hypertrophic markers including ANP and BNP expression were also significantly increased, which were effectively suppressed by IMD supplementation. In addition, IMD induced capillary angiogenesis and improved functions in hypertrophic hearts. We further observed that IMD induced strong autophagy in hypertrophic hearts and cultured cells, which was paralleling with the decrease in cardiomyocyte size and apoptosis. Furthermore, an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, was used to block the IMD-augmented autophagy level, and then the protection of IMD on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis was almost abrogated. We also observed that IMD supplementation stirred intracellular cAMP production, and augmented the ERK1/2 phosphorylation induced by Ang II/ISO exposure in H9c2 cells. In addition, we inhibited PI3K, PKA and MAPK/ERK1/2 signaling pathways by using wortamannin, H89 and PD98059, respectively, in H9c2 cells co-incubating with both IMD and Ang II or ISO, and observed that these inhibitors effectively reduced IMD-augmented autophagy level, but only H89 and PD98059 pre-incubation abrogated the anti-apoptotic action of IMD.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that the endogenous IMD and its receptor complexes are induced in hypertrophic cardiomyocytes and proposed to play an important role in the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy, and the autophagy stirred by IMD supplementation is involved in its protection against cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis through the activation of both cAMP/PKA and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways. |
|
| In vivo: |
| Experientia, 1982,38(9):1085-1087. | | Pyrrolizidine alkaloids fromSymphytum officinale L. and their percutaneous absorption in rats[Reference: WebLink] | .
METHODS AND RESULTS:
An analysis of a commercial sample of Symphyti radix originating from Poland with a total alkaloid content of 0.07% revealed the presence of 7 pyrrolizidine alkaloid-N-oxides: 7-acetyl Intermedine, 7-acetyl lycopsamine as the main constituents and lycopsamine, Intermedine, symphytine and traces of 2 further not yet identified alkaloids. The percutaneous absorption of these alkaloids was investigated in rats, using a crude alcoholic extract of the plant corresponding to a dose of 194 mg alkaloid-N-oxides/kg b.wt. The excretion of N-oxides in the urine during 2 days was in the range of 0.1–0.4% of the dose.
CONCLUSIONS:
The dermally absorbed N-oxides are not or only to a small extent converted to the free alkaloids in the organism. The oral application led to a 20–50 times higher excretion of N-oxides and free alkaloids in the urine. | | Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1951 May;77(1):35-7. | | Effect of administration of intermedin upon melanin content of the skin of Rana pipiens.[Pubmed: 14844386] |
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The administration of intermedin(Intermedine), prepared from hog pituitary glands, results in a decrease, after four weeks, of twenty per cent in the melanin content of the skin of Rana pipiens. Subsequently, there is a rapid increase, reaching levels 40% above normal after a total of 8 weeks. |
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