| Description: |
Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including pancreas-protective, chondroprotective, antispasmodic, liver-protective, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, antioxidant, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities. Aucubin prevents neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with diabetic encephalopathy, it also has protective effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. Aucubin may improve obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses. Aucubin suppresses hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro. |
| Targets: |
MMP(e.g.TIMP) | NOS | COX | NO | IL Receptor | NF-kB | TNF-α | ERK | IkB | ROS | HBV | DNA/RNA Synthesis | IKK |
| In vitro: |
| Exp Neurobiol. 2014 Sep;23(3):238-45. | | Aucubin promotes neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells and axonal regeneration in sciatic nerves.[Pubmed: 25258571] | Aucubin is an iridoid glycoside with a wide range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-algesic as well as anti-tumor activities. Recently, it has been shown that Aucubin prevents neuronal death in the hippocampal CA1 region in rats with diabetic encephalopathy. In addition, it has protective effects on H2O2-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
We have shown here that Aucubin promotes neuronal differentiation and neurite outgrowth in neural stem cells cultured primarily from the rat embryonic hippocampus. We also investigated whether Aucubin facilitates axonal elongation in the injured peripheral nervous system. Aucubin promoted lengthening and thickness of axons and re-myelination at 3 weeks after sciatic nerve injury.
CONCLUSIONS:
These results indicate that administration of Aucubin improved nerve regeneration in the rat model of sciatic nerve injury, suggesting that Aucubin may be a useful therapeutic compound for the human peripheral nervous system after various nerve injuries. | | Cytokine. 2013 Jun;62(3):407-12. | | Aucubin, a naturally occurring iridoid glycoside inhibits TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses through suppression of NF-κB activation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes.[Pubmed: 23612013] | Obesity is closely associated with a state of chronic, low-grade inflammation characterized by abnormal cytokine production and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways in adipose tissue.
Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α is chronically elevated in adipose tissues of obese rodents and humans. Increased levels of TNF-α are implicated in the induction of atherogenic adipokines, such as plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, adipose-tissue-derived monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, and interleukin (IL)-6. Aucubin, an iridoid glycoside existing in medicinal plants, has been reported to show an anti-inflammatory activity by suppression of TNF-α production in murine macrophages.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study is aimed to investigate the effects of Aucubin on TNF-α-induced atherogenic changes of the adipokines in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Aucubin significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced secretion and mRNA synthesis of the atherogenic adipokines including PAI-1, MCP-1, and IL-6. Further investigation of the molecular mechanism revealed that pretreatment with Aucubin suppressed extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation, inhibitory kappa Bα (IκBα) degradation, and subsequent nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) activation.
CONCLUSIONS:
These findings suggest that Aucubin may improve obesity-induced atherosclerosis by attenuating TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses. | | Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol. 1998 Nov;102(2):189-204. | | Liver-protective activities of aucubin derived from traditional oriental medicine.[Pubmed: 10100510] | | The iridoid glycosides including Aucubin (AU), catalpol (CA), swertimarin (SW), and gardenoside (GA) are frequently found as natural constituents of many traditional oriental medicinal plants including Chinese herbs. Among these iridoid glycosides, AU was systematically studied for its potent liver-protective activities using experimental systems of hepatic damage. AU showed high liver-protective activity against carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatic damage in mice. Also AU showed significant protective activity against alpha-amanitin-induced hepatic damage in mice, and it prevented a depression of liver RNA biosynthesis caused by alpha-amanitin administration. Potent antidotal effects on mushroom poisoning in beagle dogs ingested with aqueous extract of Amanita virosa was observed; beagle dogs completely survived, even when AU administration was withheld for half an hour after mushroom poisoning. In addition, AU was found to suppress hepatitis B viral DNA replication in vitro. Conversion of AU to its aglycone form appeared to be a prerequisite step for an exhibition of such antiviral activity. |
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| In vivo: |
| Int Immunopharmacol. 2015 Feb;24(2):408-15. | | Aucubin prevents interleukin-1 beta induced inflammation and cartilage matrix degradation via inhibition of NF-κB signaling pathway in rat articular chondrocytes.[Pubmed: 25576403] | Proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of Osteoarthritis (OA) by stimulating several mediators contributed to cartilage degradation.
Aucubin, a natural compound derived from plants which has been shown to possess diverse biological activities including anti-inflammatory property, may benefit the IL-1β stimulated chondrocytes.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The present study was aimed to investigate the effects of Aucubin on IL-1β stimulated rat chondrocytes. Rat chondrocytes were cultured and pretreated with Aucubin (1, 10, 20, 50μM), and then stimulated with or without IL-1β (10ng/ml). Gene and protein expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) production was quantified by Griess reagent. Phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65 were detected by western blotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. We found that Aucubin significantly reversed the elevated gene and protein expression of MMP-3, MMP-9, MMP-13, iNOS, COX-2 and the production of NO induced by IL-1β challenge in rat chondrocytes. Furthermore, Aucubin was able to suppress the IL-1β-mediated phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of p65, indicating Aucubin may possibly act via the NF-κB signaling pathway.
CONCLUSIONS:
The present study proposes that Aucubin may be a potential therapeutic choice in the treatment of OA due to its anti-inflammatory and chondroprotective features. | | Inflammation . 2017 Dec;40(6):2062-2073. | | Aucubin Alleviates Bleomycin-Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis in a Mouse Model[Pubmed: 28785877] | | Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a life-threatening disease characterized by progressive dyspnea and worsening of pulmonary function. No effective therapeutic strategy for pulmonary fibrosis has been established. Aucubin is a natural constituent with a monoterpene cyclic ring system. The potency of Aucubin in protecting cellular components against inflammation, oxidative stress, and proliferation effects is well documented. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Aucubin against pulmonary fibrosis in mice. A mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis was established by intratracheal injection of bleomycin (BLM), and Aucubin was administered for 21 days after BLM injection. We found that Aucubin decreased the breathing frequency and increased the lung dynamic compliance of BLM-stimulated mice detected by Buxco pulmonary function testing system. Histological examination showed that Aucubin alleviated BLM-induced lung parenchymal fibrotic changes. Aucubin also reduced the intrapulmonary collagen disposition and inflammatory injury induced by BLM. In addition, Aucubin reduced the expression of pro-fibrotic protein transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) of pulmonary fibrosis mice induced by BLM. Furthermore, the effect of Aucubin on the proliferation and differentiation of fibroblast was investigated in vitro. Aucubin inhibited the mRNA and protein expression of Ki67 and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) induced by TGF-β1 and reduced the cell proliferation in a murine fibroblast cell NIH3T3. Aucubin also reduced the collagen syntheses and α-SMA expression induced by TGF-β1 in fibroblast. Our results indicate that Aucubin inhibits inflammation, fibroblast proliferation, and differentiation, exerting protective effects against BLM-induced pulmonary fibrosis in a mouse model. This study provides an evidence that Aucubin may be a novel drug for pulmonary fibrosis. |
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