| In vitro: |
| Appl Biochem Biotechnol. 2014 Mar;172(5):2582-92. | | Protective effect of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from Cladophora wrightiana Harvey against ultraviolet B radiation-induced cell damage in human HaCaT keratinocytes.[Pubmed: 24414942] | The aim of the present study was to elucidate the protective properties of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (DBA) isolated from Cladophora wrightiana Harvey (a green alga) against ultraviolet B (UVB)-induced damage to human HaCaT keratinocytes.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid exhibited scavenging actions against the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical, the superoxide anion, and the hydroxyl radical. Furthermore, 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid decreased the levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by hydrogen peroxide or UVB treatment of the cells. 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid also decreased the UVB-augmented levels of phospho-histone H2A.X and the extent of comet tail formation, which are both indications of DNA damage.
CONCLUSIONS:
Taken together, these results demonstrate that 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid isolated from a green alga protects human keratinocytes against UVB-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis. | | Microb Pathog. 2013 Jun-Jul;59-60:52-9. | | Nematicidal activity of 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid purified from Terminalia nigrovenulosa bark against Meloidogyne incognita.[Pubmed: 23603737] | In this study, the 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4-DHBA) from Terminalia nigrovenulosa bark (TNB) was purified and its in vitro nematicidal activity was investigated against Meloidogyne incognita.
METHODS AND RESULTS:
The purification of 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid used a silica gel column and Sephadex LH-20 chromatography combined with thin-layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography. Structural identification of the 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was conducted using (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), (13)C NMR, and liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Nematicidal activity bioassays revealed that 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid treatment resulted in 33.3, 47.5, 72.5 and 94.2% J2 mortality at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively after 12 h incubation. J2 mortality was increased significantly (P < 0.0001) with increasing incubation time in the range of 54.2-94.2% from 3 to 9 h after incubation with 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (1.0 mg/ml), but with no significant difference observed where the incubation time was increased from 9 to 12 h. The 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid treatment resulted in 33.3, 65.0, 76.7 and 85.0% hatch inhibition at 0.125, 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mg/ml, respectively, 3 days after incubation. Changes in the shape of the eggs were determined after incubation for 1 day with a 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid concentration of 1.0 mg/ml. | | Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 2012, 12(3):273-8. | | 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde from the fern Trichomanes chinense L.; isolation, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties.[Reference: WebLink] | 3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid (1) and 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde (2) have been isolated from ethyl acetate fraction of methanolic fractions of leaves, stems and roots of the fern Trichomanes chinense L. (Hymenophyllaceae).
METHODS AND RESULTS:
These two compounds also showed significant antioxidant using DPPH and antimicrobial activities using the disc diffusion assay. | | Metab Brain Dis . 2017 Apr;32(2):401-413. | | Attenuation of acute restraint stress-induced depressive like behavior and hippocampal alterations with protocatechuic acid treatment in mice[Pubmed: 27785705] | | Abstract
Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester (PCA), a phenolic compound, exhibits neuroprotective effects through improving endogenous antioxidant enzymatic and nonezymatic system. Based on the role of oxidative stress in modulating depressive disorders and the relationship between neuroprotective and antioxidant potential of PCA, we studied if its antidepressant like effect is associated by modulation of cerebral cortex and hippocampal antioxidant alterations. Acute restraint stress (ARS) is known to induce depressive like behavior by neuronal oxidative damage in mice. Swiss albino mice subjected to ARS exhibited an increased immobility time in forced swim test, elevated serum corticosterone and produced oxidative stress dependent alterations in cerebral cortex and hippocampus mainly increased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and reduced catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. Treatment with PCA was able to prevent stress induced immobility time in forced swim test without altering locomotor activity in mice. Further, PCA treatment attenuated the elevation of serum corticosterone, lipid peroxidation and restored enzymatic antioxidants in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in ARS mice. Altogether, the experimental findings demonstrate the notion that PCA exhibit antidepressant like activity might be related, at least in part, to its capability of modulating antioxidant defense system and oxidative damage induced by ARS in cerebral cortex and hippocampus in mice and thus maintain the pro-/anti-oxidative homeostasis.
Keywords: Acute restraint stress; Depressive like-behavior; Hippocampal antioxidants; Protocatechuic acid ethyl ester; Serum corticosterone. | | J Agric Food Chem . 2016 Oct 19;64(41):7722-7732. | | Protocatechuic Acid: Inhibition of Fibril Formation, Destabilization of Preformed Fibrils of Amyloid-β and α-Synuclein, and Neuroprotection[Pubmed: 27686873] | | Abstract
Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is the major metabolite of the anthocyanin known as cyanidin 3-glucoside. It is found in plasma and tissues, such as the brain, heart, liver, and kidneys, following consumption of a rich source of this flavonoid. The abnormal pathological assembly of amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein (αS) is an underlying mechanism involved in the formation of amyloid plaques and Lewy bodies in the brain, which are responsible for neuropathology symptoms in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD), respectively. This research was performed to evaluate the protective effects of PCA, by establishing its potential role in inhibiting aggregation and fibril destabilization of Aβ and αS proteins. It has been found that PCA inhibits the aggregation of Aβ and αS and destabilizes their preformed fibrils. These results were confirmed by TEM images, electrophoresis, and immunoblotting experiments. Furthermore, PCA prevents the death of PC12 cells triggered by Aβ- and αS-induced toxicity. |
|
| In vivo: |
| Biomed Pharmacother . 2016 Oct;83:559-568. | | Alterations of Na +/K +-ATPase, cholinergic and antioxidant enzymes activity by protocatechuic acid in cadmium-induced neurotoxicity and oxidative stress in Wistar rats[Pubmed: 27454871] | | Abstract
Background: This study assessed the possible protective mechanisms of protocatechuic acid (PCA) against cadmium (Cd)-induced oxidative stress and neurotoxicity in rats.
Methods: Male wistar strain rats weighing between 150-160g were purchased and acclimatized for two weeks. The rats were divided into seven groups of seven each; NC group received normal saline, CAD group received 6mg/kg of Cd-solution, CAD+PSG group received Cd-solution and prostigmine (5mg/kg), CAD+PCA-10 and CAD+PCA-20 groups received Cd-solution and PCA (10mg/kg and 20mg/kg) respectively, PCA-10 and PCA-20 groups received 10mg/kg and 20mg/kg PCA each. Animals were administered normal saline, Cd and PCA daily by oral gavage for 21days. After which the animals were sacrificed, the brain excised, homogenized and centrifuged. The activities of enzymes (Na+/K+-ATPase, cholinesterases, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase) and levels of oxidative stress markers (lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione) linked to neurodegeneration were subsequently assessed.
Results: Significant (p<0.05) alterations in the enzyme activities and levels of oxidative stress markers were observed in CAD group when compared to the NC group. However, the activities of the enzymes were reversed in CAD+PSG and CAD+PCA groups.
Conclusions: PCA may protect against cadmium-induced neurotoxicity by altering the activities of Na+/K+-ATPase, acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase and endogenous antioxidant enzymes.
Keywords: Antioxidant; Cadmium; Cholinesterases; Enzymes; Na(+)/K(+) ATPase; Protocatechuic acid. |
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